Archives: Reg Murphy Pubs

Last week, I attended the Green Scene of Coastal Georgia’s monthly Eco-Lecture featuring OCEARCH Founder and Expedition Leader, Chris Fischer. Beyond being an extraordinarily passionate and inspiring speaker, Fischer has a special gift of seeing the “big picture,” creating solutions around that picture, and communicating that picture in an accessible way to others. The picture he was laying out for his packed audience last Wednesday was that of the environmental policy paradox.

Coined by Zachary Smith in his book of the same title, the environmental policy paradox is the idea that “we often understand what the best short- and long-term solutions to environmental problems are, yet the task of implementing these solutions is either left undone or completed too late” (Smith 2018, xiv). In Fischer’s case, he saw that there was a disconnect between research and policy implementation exacerbated by unreasonably long timelines. Specifically, ocean abundance and health were declining and the solutions to addressing these myriad issues were taking far too long. Researchers were conducting individual expeditions to study marine life and coveting the data over long timeframes to remain competitive in the grant-writing process. They were falling prey to a system of “publish or perish” and not making the conversion from science to policy in an efficient way.

Fischer’s solution through OCEARCH was to create a business of research expeditions that include many researchers working on separate projects around a single species; typically, white sharks, but other large marine animals that significantly impact their ecosystem as well. By making previously unattainable data from large, top-of-the-food-chain species accessible, the OCEARCH team can work toward solving issues of ocean health and abundance. The process works like this: when the OCEARCH team detains an animal, they can quickly (in about 15 minutes) gather 12 or more samples from the animal, share much of these data in real time, and contribute data to 18 or so different research projects at once through both initial samples and tracking devices. In one 15-minute interaction, the team can gather information about a white shark’s reproductive condition, reproductive cycle, genetic status, diet, gestation period, inorganic and organic contaminant loads, fecundity, parasite species presence, abundance, and infection sites. This drastically reduces the time and data deficit that has long existed for large marine animals in the field of research and directly addresses the environmental policy paradox for ocean ecology. To date, OCEARCH has completed 34 expeditions, worked with 174 researchers, 90 institutions, and contributed to 22 published papers.

OCEARCH’s approach completely transforms the research and policy process by making data collection and distribution collaborative, inclusive and open-sourced. What is most exciting to me as an environmental policy scholar, however, is the applicability of such a model within other ecosystems. The model essentially connects researchers working within the same species category or ecosystem, creates a more efficient data collection process, and then shares the data not only within the scientific community, but publicly. It gets the policy-makers and public involved in the natural world around them in real time. I can see how this model could be applied much more widely and could have transformative impacts on ecosystem health and sustainability.

https://www.ocearch.org/about/

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies. 

I recently came across an article in a Savannah newspaper about an exotic lizard that seems to be thriving in south Georgia. The black and white Tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) is native to South America, but apparently makes a great pet for some North Americans who enjoy the reptile’s high intelligence, calm disposition, and apparent interest in humans. This large lizard grows up to about 4 feet in length, lives to about 20 years, and has a hearty appetite for things like fruits, vegetables, eggs (of all sorts), pet food, and small animals. Unfortunately, these pet owners do not always properly care for these animals and some have been released into south Georgia’s Toombs and Tattnall counties – just a few counties over from our own.

Why the big headline in the Savannah paper? Tegus stand to wreak havoc in south Georgia (as they have in Florida) as an invasive species. The Tegu reproduces quickly, lives a relatively long life, and has a diet that could pose a threat to native wildlife like gopher tortoises and ground-nesting birds (recall the Tegus’ penchant for eggs). While I am not a wildlife biologist, I do have a background in biology and my expertise is in environmental policy. So, here is one thing I can extract from this story; stemming the population of an invasive species is not only important from an environmental perspective, but from an economic one as well.

Georgia has no shortage of economic stories associated with invasive species. Perhaps the most famous example throughout Georgia is kudzu brought over from Asia. Kudzu has earned the nickname “the vine that ate the south” and controlling this alarmingly fast-spreading invasive species has been a labor intensive and economically costly task since at least the early 20^th century. The US Department of Agriculture estimates that it spreads at a rate of approximately 150,000 acres annually at a cost of $6 billion in herbicide controls each year. According to the Georgia Forestry Commission, other plant species like the Asian privet and Japanese climbing fern are causing similar challenges. Invasive species outcompete native species meaning there is less food up and down the food chain and the ecosystem can become compromised. In Georgia, our pine forests are a particularly important recreational and economic (industry) driver; when they are compromised, we see the effects on our biological and economic systems.

While the Department of Agriculture, the UGA Center for Invasive Species, the Georgia Forestry Commission, and the Department of Natural Resources are all working hard to monitor and control these species through action plans and management programs, they also rely on the public to help. In short, they need the public to educate themselves on species that are not native to Georgia and report areas where these species are spreading. While kudzu has a stronghold in the state that has led to a huge price tag, mitigating the spread of a species like the Tegu early on could help to avoid such costs entirely.

The mantra here is “if you see something, report it.” Here are some resources that can help:

From the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division:

Report tegu sightings in the wild to DNR. This helps biologists document occurrences and determine the best response. Note the location, take a photo and report the sighting:

• Online: www.gainvasives.org/tegus
• Phone: (478) 994-1438
• Email: gainvasives@dnr.ga.gov

Toombs and Tattnall County residents are advised to keep pet food inside, cover outdoor openings and clear their yards of debris that can provide cover for tegus.

Be a responsible pet owner: Georgians should do their research before buying an exotic pet, and don’t let it loose.

University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health: https://www.bugwood.org/

Georgia Invasive Species Task Force: https://www.gainvasives.org/tegus/

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies. 

The recent attention to the fires in the Amazon rainforest has given way to discussion, namely on social media, about the extent of the problem and what can be done about it.

Data from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research show that fire incidents in the Amazon are indeed 80% higher from 2018 to 2019, but in fact the number is just 7% higher than the average over the last 10 years. That is not to say that these fires are not troubling, detrimental, and newsworthy. Rather, I am attempting to frame this issue as an ongoing one rather than a sudden crisis. Increasing fires in the Amazon have not resulted from sudden impacts of climate change nor a singular political policy, but rather from a more systemic set of economic and political conditions.

Brazil is considered a developing nation. Though it is the largest economy in South or Central America, and the 9^th largest in the world, its low GDP per person, high inequality rates, low standards of living, and high infant mortality rates keep it from being considered developed. As such, economic growth is a central concern of both citizens and the government. In the last 50 years, much of this growth has been seen in the area of agribusiness. Through pro-development government policies – subsidies, government provided equipment, lax enforcement of laws – plenty of incentives have spurred production in the cattle, citrus, and soybean industries in Brazil.

In fact, Brazil is the world’s leading exporter of soybeans and the world’s top cattle and veal producer according to the USDA. 60% of the Amazon rainforest is within Brazil and this is where a great deal of deforestation and fire-setting in exchange for economic growth (i.e. agribusiness) is taking place. What is happening in the Amazon is a perfect example of the Tragedy of the Commons.

In 1968, philosopher Garrett Hardin wrote a piece called “The Tragedy of the Commons” which described a game theory problem. When a natural resource is shared by many individuals, in this case the Amazon, and is unregulated, there is an incentive on the part of individuals to exploit that resource for their own benefit. The result, in Hardin’s view, is a spoiled, exploited resource.

Essentially, this is what we are seeing in the Amazon. This common resource is being exploited for the economic benefit of farmers – who, by the way can’t be blamed for wanting to find an economically feasible means of subsistence – at the expense of the resource. The government has laxed regulation around deforestation and has incentivized these farming practices and we are witnessing the results.

Hardin’s conclusion was that only top-down governmental solutions or free-market solutions could help alleviate this tragedy. Nobel prize winner, Elinor Ostrom, later demonstrated that a collapse of the commons is not a foregone conclusion if those sharing the resource work together to govern the commons. In other words, the tragedy is removed if a nested system involving the community, the government, and the market can be agreed upon.

It isn’t a neat and simple solution, but then the problem is complex and requires a complex solution. The farming community would need an alternative means of subsistence and economic viability, the government would have to follow through on regulations, and we as global consumers would have to remove the demand for the cattle products. It isn’t as easy as donating to Leonardo Dicaprio’s Earth Alliance, but it is what empirical evidence suggests might just work.

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies. 

1 in 5 high school students are now vaping nicotine using e-cigarettes. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), in just one year (2017 to 2018) the number of high schoolers who reported their use of e-cigarettes jumped by nearly 10 percentage points from 11% to 20.9%; this number equates to about 3 million young people according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As with the tobacco debate in the United States, such high numbers spark questions about the role of the government in public health.

Policymakers have taken note of the dramatic jump in vaping and have created stricter regulations around electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in the last several years. Most of this regulation is just beginning to roll out now. The FDA, for instance, now requires sale only to individuals over the age of 18 and includes ENDS in their definition of tobacco products under the 2009 Tobacco Control Act; this means ingredients will now be required on packaging, for instance.

In the new wave of e-cigarettes and regulation, it is worth exploring the history of the U.S.  tobacco debate and how it informs our present course.

Many readers will recall a time in the mid-20^th century when cigarettes were not only popular, but advertised as healthy. Such claims were made in the name of marketing rather than data, of course, but they allowed cigarette use to take a serious hold in American culture. As normative scientific studies started to reveal the deleterious effects of tobacco use, the tobacco industry responded by claiming there was scientific uncertainty and lack of proof. After nearly a half a century of unprecedented corporate success, the industry fought hard to push back against the science that threatened to undo their achievements. CEO’s within the tobacco industry came together to fund more, not less, scientific inquiry into the safety of cigarettes. The trouble was that they only funded skeptics of the causal relationship between smoking and disease, which amplified a minority opinion that was not based in large-scale data.

At the same time, the industry poured huge amounts of money into Congress and created a strong lobby with significant influence in U.S. government. They continued to advertise using paid doctors, dentists, and celebrities as a central strategy for disrupting the science that threatened their industry. It should not be understated how brilliantly effective the tobacco industry was, and is, at creating a narrative that supports their products. They are, quite simply, masters of public relations.

By the mid-1960s, advocacy groups, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the court system jointly attacked the industry in such a way that regulation and litigation ultimately led to the erosion of Big Tobacco’s power. We now see the rise of a new nicotine delivery system, but not necessarily new strategies for product success.

Fast forward 50 years, and we find similar strategies creeping up once more. When teens are asked what they think is in e-cigarettes, 66% report that they believe it is just flavoring and 13.7% don’t know (NIDA). The reason? Manufacturers have not been required to disclose ingredient information or risks on packaging until recently, and e-cigarettes have been marketed to youth through appealing flavors and packaging meant to mimic kid-friendly food items such as Reddi-wip, Nilla Wafers and Warheads candy.

Other tactics that the e-cigarette industry have been using include offering scholarships, using social media marketing, sponsoring music events, and once again pouring money into political campaigns and lobbying efforts. Just this year, as Congress considers raising the tobacco and vaping product purchase age from 18 to 21, e-cigarette leader, Juul Labs, gave nearly $100,000 to members of Congress through the company’s political action committee.

As in so many public policy issues, it’s important to follow the money – the advertising money, the political action committee money, and the public relations dollars – to ensure that history does not repeat itself. While representatives of the e-cigarette industry claim to have the interests of youth at heart, their actions seem to suggest otherwise. It will ultimately fall to government to study, track, and protect the public’s health on this one.

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies. 

Link to the National Institute on Drug Abuse: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/teens-e-cigarettes

On June 18^th, a joint meeting of the Brunswick City and Glynn County Commissioners was held to hear from a representative of the U.S. Census Bureau about the upcoming 2020 census. The aim was to ensure that Glynn County has an accurate count next year so they can secure as much federal funding as possible for local uses.

Census Day is April 1, 2020 and households will be asked to respond either by mail, phone, or online. Just 5% of households will receive their invitation in person when a census taker drops it off, and less than 1% will be counted in person (in very remote areas of the U.S.).

The U.S. Constitution mandates a decennial census count in Article I, Section 2. For those who have never paid much attention to the U.S. Census, it may seem like a benign or perhaps even irritating civic duty, but the implications of census data are far reaching and long-lasting. A lot can happen in a community during the decade in which census data are in place each cycle. For instance, according to the U.S. Census Bureau between 2000 and 2010, self-identified Hispanics and Asians grew by 43% each; this represents 1% and 5% of the total U.S. population respectively. These numbers have implications for election politics, social assistance programs, and language accessibility among other issues. Taxation, representation in government, federal grant funding for local programs and services, redistricting, community and business planning, and public policy research are all heavily dependent on census data. In fact, the Georgia Municipal Association estimates that each Georgian that participated in the 2010 census effectively brought $1,639.10 into the state through funding mechanisms.

The 2020 census is facing some interesting challenges, however. First, in a pre-census study conducted by the Census Bureau, fewer than seven in ten households said they intend to participate in the 2020 census. Of those who said they were not likely to participate, the majority were younger, less educated respondents. With a college education rate of just 29% in Glynn County, this could be an issue. Glynn County did, however, beat the national average with an 82% response rate in 2010. Next, about 5% of our population reside in “hard-to-count” areas. This is common in more rural areas of the country, but also seems to impact minority populations like African Americans and Hispanics more so than Non-Hispanic white populations. Likewise, 20.5% of Glynn County’s households have no or low internet access. Given that the 2020 census is making a long overdue push for electronic submission of data, our County may need to strategically deploy census workers to help cover these gaps.

Finally, the pre-census survey indicated that there is 1) high mistrust in government, 2) low (33%) familiarity with the census purpose, and 3) significant concern (about 25%) about repercussions related to census responses. If U.S. households do not trust the process, we will not see a positive response rate. The Supreme Court just struck down the inclusion of a citizenship question proposed by the Trump administration on the 2020 census. It appears that the fight over such a question is not, however, quite done. Whether you agree with such a question or not, it seems probable that such a requirement would impact response rates, particularly in areas of the state with Hispanic populations and will, undoubtedly, have far-reaching impacts for our state.

The information that can guide our decision-making around the census process is out there. We know where our vulnerabilities exist and where we need to deploy special attention. It will be important to use these data strategically to ensure an accurate count in our county and ensure that we have full access to the more than $675 billion in federal aid that is distributed to state and local governments using census numbers every year.

Link to the 2020 Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Study Survey Report: https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/program-management/final-analysis-reports/2020-report-cbams-study-survey.pdf

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies. 

I recently had the good fortune to visit San Juan, Puerto Rico while on vacation with my family. I’m not sure what I expected when we arrived, but I was surprised nonetheless. I knew that the recovery from Hurricane Maria in 2017 was still underway, but was interested to find that rebuilding was at very different stages in different parts of the city. Some areas looked virtually untouched by the hurricane while other areas were almost completely abandoned, boarded up, or still patched with tarps. It was clear that some Puerto Ricans had bounced back faster than others.

One of our Uber drivers was a lovely woman who had been living in neighboring Carolina for many years and who, until recently, worked for the Ritz Carlton San Juan for 19 years. She explained to us that she has been out of work since the hurricane, but that she felt financially secure because the Ritz Carlton released her 401K earnings without penalty to her. So, between her 401K and Uber rides, she was doing fine. This made me think, however, about those who did not have retirement funds, emergency funds, or other such resources to help them recover following a crisis. Simple observation revealed that the ability to adapt was not universal here.

Adaptation is a major theme in the sustainability and climate change literature right now. Reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the most recent Fourth National Climate Assessment both clearly state that we are presently dealing with real impacts from climate change around the country and that adaptation strategies are of imminent importance. Unfortunately, low-income communities are least able to adapt and, therefore, most likely to feel the disproportionate brunt of climate impacts.

The National Climate Assessment explains that low-income communities already have higher rates of adverse health conditions, are statistically more likely to be exposed to environmental hazards, and do not have the resources to bounce back from natural disasters. They have less access to the information and institutions that can help them prepare for and avoid the health risks associated with climate change, according to the report. All of these vulnerabilities put them at higher climate adaptation risk.

The City of Brunswick is one such community as evidenced by its designation as a Federal Opportunity Zone – areas with poverty rates greater than 20% that would benefit from investment incentives. An important consideration when we are making decisions related to climate or natural disaster adaptation, therefore, is participation. Decision-makers are responsible for prioritizing the locations of physical protections, infrastructure, emergency shelters and public transportation routes. All of these priorities heavily impact low-income communities and should be determined with input and participation from those communities. Fortunately, there are several non-profit entities in Glynn County that are well-positioned to facilitate such participation and ensure that not only participation, but information is equalized across the County. Their swift and unwavering attention to such an aim will certainly be an important factor in the ability of the 20% of Glynn County residents who live in poverty to adapt to climate change and natural disasters.

Dr. Heather Farley is a professor of Public Management in the School of Business and Public Management at College of Coastal Georgia. She is an associate of the College’s Reg Murphy Center for Economic and Policy Studies.  

Most students who attend College of Coastal Georgia have an opportunity to participate in one or more service-learning classes. Since 2011, CCGA has used service-learning as the anchor of its quality enhancement plan and has not just developed a rich program, but a culture of service at the college. These faculty-developed courses allow students to participate in organized service experiences that respond to a wide spectrum of community needs.

One such need was identified for me by county commissioner Allen Booker and the Glynn County Planning and Zoning department. The county released their 2018 comprehensive plan last fall which, among other things, identified areas in our community in need of redevelopment.

One area that stood out was the Arco community, which roughly spans from Altama Avenue to Newcastle street (East to West) and Q Street to Community Road (South to North). Last year, Commissioner Booker worked to have a soccer field put in at Paulk Park within the Arco Neighborhood as an anchor project for greater revitalization in the area; that park is now under renovation and the field has been completed. The larger vision for revitalization will be laid out in the community redevelopment plan that the County Planning and Zoning department initiated, but quickly realized needed to be spearheaded by the community itself; this is where service-learning comes in.

This semester, 10 students in my upper division Managing State and Local Government class worked to create tools to help assist the Arco/Washington Heights/Lawrenceville Neighborhood Association in their efforts to inform the planning department through the redevelopment process. The students created a community profile document that laid out everything from street light locations to demographics to land use data, and a short survey that the neighborhood association can use to gather feedback from interested parties in the area.

Beyond gaining some satisfaction that they were able to participate in the revitalization of one of the county’s oldest neighborhoods, the students learned some valuable lessons about successful planning processes.

Namely, by turning the process over to the neighborhood association, the county recognized that they cannot foresee or understand every variable or need that may impact the project. Planners have tremendous technical expertise, but those living within the community hold valuable information and perspectives that can only make the planning process more effective.

Involving residents and community leaders in the planning process also ensures long term viability and stability. City councils, planners, commissioners and managers come and go, but as we learned through this class, many of Arco’s residents have been and intend to be around for many years. Building their feedback into the process improves the likelihood that this redevelopment plan will last through the years.

While our CCGA students played a limited role in this redevelopment process, the Arco/Washington Heights/Lawrenceville Neighborhood Association co-chairs, Odis Muhammad and Moses Clark, have a long road ahead in gathering perspectives, ideas, and feedback from their community.

Involving the public is never an easy task. I am optimistic, however, that the benefits to this approach will be plentiful and lead to long-term sustainability in the community.